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Administered prices
Administered Prices refer to prices of goods set by the internal pricing structures of firms which take into account cost rather than through the market forces of supply and demand and predicted by classical economics. Administered prices were first described by institutional economists Gardiner Means and Adolf A. Berle in their 1932 book ''The Modern Corporation and Private Property''. As Means argues in 1972: “Basically, the administered-price thesis holds that a large body of industrial prices do not behave in the fashion that classical theory would lead one to expect. It was first developed in 1934–35 to apply to the cyclical behavior of industrial prices. It specifically held that in business recessions administered prices showed a tendency not to fall as much as market prices while the recession fall in demand worked itself out primarily through a fall in sales, production, and employment.”
==Empirical Data==
Since Means and Berle's pioneering work in the 1930s, numerous empirical surveys have been carried out to understand the role of administered prices in national economies. Surveys conducted in the 1980s found that 70-85% of American industrial prices were markup or cost-added prices.〔Govindarajan, V. and R. Anthony. 1986. “How Firms use Cost Data in Price Decisions,” Management Accounting 65: 30–34.〕〔Shim, Eunsup, and Ephraim Sudit. 1995. “How Manufacturers Price Products,” Management Accounting 76.8: 37–39.〕 An American survey from the 1990s covering a industrial and non-industrial pricing behavior found that a majority of prices take cost into account.〔Blinder, A. S. et al. (eds.). 1998. Asking about Prices: A New Approach to Understanding Price Stickiness. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.〕 A Canadian survey from 2002 found that 67.1% of major Canadian firms attributed to price-stickiness to markup pricing. A 2003-2004 survey done in France found that 36.9% of prices are cost-added (another 4% of prices were "regulated").〔Loupias, Claire and Roland Ricart. 2007. “Asymmetries in Price Setting: Some Evidence from French Survey Data,” in S. Fabiani, C. Suzanne Loupias, F. M. Monteiro Martins and Roberto Sabbatini (eds.), Pricing Decisions in the Euro Area: How Firms set Prices and Why. Oxford University Press, New York. 83–96.〕 Writing in 2006, Fabiani et al found that administered prices account for 42% of prices (of both goods and services) in Italy, 46% in Belgium, 52% in Spain, 65% in Portugal, and an average of 54% of all Eurozone prices. They also account for 40% of the prices of goods sold in France and 73% of those sold in Germany.〔Fabiani, S., M. Druant, I. Hernando, C. Kwapil, B. Landau, C. Loupias, F. Martins, T. Mathä, R. Sabbatini, H. Stahl and A. Stokman. 2006. “What Firms’ Surveys tell us about Price-Setting Behavior in the Euro Area,” International Journal of Central Banking 2.3: 3–47.〕〔Fabiani, Silvia, Suzanne Loupias, Claire, Monteiro Martins, Fernando Manuel and Roberto Sabbatini. 2007. Pricing Decisions in the Euro Area: How Firms set Prices and Why. Oxford University Press, New York.〕 A survey of 725 Norwegian firms from the 2000s found that 69% of those firms use markup pricing.〔Langbraaten, Nina, Nordbø, Einar W. and Fredrik Wulfsberg. 2008. “Price-setting Behaviour of Norwegian Firms – Results of a Survey,” Norges Bank Economic Bulletin 79.2: 13–34. http://www.norges-bank.no/en/about/published/publications/economic-bulletin/economic-bulletin-22008/price-setting-behaviour-of-norwegian-firms--results-of-a-survey/〕 A survey of 5,300 New Zealand firms found that 54% of business prices were cost-added,〔Parker, Miles. “Price-Setting Behaviour in New Zealand” https://cama.crawford.anu.edu.au/amw2013/doc/Parker,Miles.pdf〕 while another survey of 700 Australian companies found that at least 49% of their prices were marked-up.〔Park, Anna, Rayner, Vanessa and Patrick D’Arcy. 2010. “Price-Setting Behaviour – Insights from Australian Firms,” Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin (June Quarter): 7–14. http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2010/jun/bu-0610-2a.html〕 A study of 630 Japanese firms from 2000 found 54% of them use mark-up pricing.〔Nakagawa, S., R. Hattori and I. Takagawa, 2000. “Price-Setting Behaviour of Japanese Companies,” Bank of Japan Research Paper http://www.boj.or.jp/en/research/brp/ron_2000/ron0009b.htm/〕 A survey of 580 Icelandic firms found that markup prices were the most common, accounting for 45% of all prices set by those companies.〔Ólafsson, Thorvardur Tjörvi, Pétursdóttir, Ásgerdur, and Karen Á. Vignisdóttir. 2011. “Price Setting in Turbulent Times: Survey Evidence from Icelandic Firms,” Working Paper Central Bank of Iceland www.sedlabanki.is/lisalib/getfile.aspx?itemid=8891〕
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